The scientific journal INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL SCIENCES has been published quarterly since 2012. The second issue of 2023 aims to publish interesting articles, findings and studies from the humanities, education and social sciences by authors from all over the world, just like every other issue.

This 2/2023 issue is focused on the social and humanities, as the published articles are from these areas.

The authors of the first article are VERONIKA MARKOVÁ and MICHAL MINÁRIK. The topic of this paper is a look into the history of alternative punishments. The article examines punishment in the territory of Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia and traces the historical development of punishment in Slovakia throughout history.

The authors of the second article are JOZEF KRÁLIK and KRISTÍNA KRÁLIKOVÁ, their article deals with terrorism and the struggle of the states of the majority of society against it. Considering the historical importance of the activity of various Christian churches on the territory of the contemporary European Union, it may now prove expedient to increase the intensity of the involvement of not only Christian churches in the processes aimed at eliminating possible terrorist attacks.

The author of the third article is ZYGMUNT MIETLEWSKI, he discusses an algorithm we discovered, consisting of mathematical structures – codes, which allows to save sales costs and their critical points shorter than today. We emphasize the implementation value of the discovered algorithm by recommending mathematical tables based on it, which improve the planning and analysis of the sales cost structure and the determination of the critical points of sales.

The authors of the next article are Marek Grejták and Sonia Šrobárová, they deal with the mutual relations of the countries of the international community. Value systems, political orientations and social structure of the population are changing, new values are emerging and traditional ones are disappearing. All this affects to a greater or lesser extent the internal dynamics of almost all states on the one hand, and of the human being, the individual, and the social individual on the other.

The author of the fifth article is František Dlugoš, the study, besides the problems of the Catholic Church’s relations with the world, characterizes the important personalities of the theology, spiritual life and religious philosophy of the time. He pays particular attention to the controversial popes who, during their papacy, deepened rather than successfully resolved the crises of the time.

The author of the next article is Ľubomír Volner, in the article he presents a basic view on the possibility of modelling transport as such with emphasis on the starting points of the theoretical possibility of the solution. Many of these external and internal forces produce fluctuations so complex that we are forced to classify them as random and express them in terms of probability theory.

The authors of the next article are Sonia Šrobárová and Mária Martinská. They discuss the social security of professional soldiers as a supporting subsystem of the social security service, from which spa care, recreational care and social care are provided, it also includes the provision of the burial of a former professional soldier.

The authors of the last article are DAGMAR PŘIBYLOVÁ, DÁVID SZÁRSZÓI,  deals with the issue of pastoring children with specific learning disabilities. It introduces the manifestations of specific learning disabilities and their basic classification, taking into account other types of learning problems and their framework characteristics. The uniqueness of pastoral work with children with specific learning disabilities is presented and examples of pastoral work are given.

All published articles are scientific studies of experts with experience.

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